Present Perfect Tense

Formula untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah:

Subject + (has/have) + verb3 + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. Farmers in Jati Bali have grown rice crops since 1970. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali telah menanam padi sejak tahun 1970).
2. Some students have conducted research on vegetative plant propagations for two months. (Beberapa siswa telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif selama 2 bulan).
3. Transpiration has started to increase since three hours ago. (Transpirasi telah mulai meningkat sejak tiga jam yang lalu).

Note: HAS VERB3 digunakan jika subjectnya singular, yaitu jika subjectnya adalah he, she, it dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan subject pronoun he, she atau it. Sebaliknya, HAVE VERB3 digunakan jika subjectnya plural, yaitu jika subjectnya adalah I, you, they, we, dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan subject pronoun I, you, they, atau we.

 

Penggunaan Present Perfect Tense

Pada dasarnya, penggunaan Present Perfect Tense dapat dikelompokkan dalam 3 kategori, yaitu:

1. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas sudah terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. John has traveled around the world.  (John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).
2. She has read the entire book. (Dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).
3. I have eaten. (Saya telah makan).
4. Someone has stolen my book.  (Seseorang telah mencuri buku saya).
5. They have gone.  (Mereka telah pergi).

Note: Pada contoh di atas, kita tidak tahu kapan John bertamasya ke seluruh dunia, kapan dia membaca buku, kapan saya makan, kapan seseorang mencuri buku saya, kapan mereka pergi. Yang menjadi penekanan adalah kejadian/aktivitas tersebut telah terjadi/dilakukan. 

2. Untuk menyatakan kekerapan (berapa kali) kejadian/aktivitas terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. I have seen the Titanic three times. (Saya telah nonton Titanic tiga kali).
2. She has fallen in love ten times. (Dia telah jatuh cinta 10 kali).
3. They have failed the exam twice. (Mereka telah gagal ujian 2 kali).
4. My car has broken down five times. (Mobil saya telah mogok 5 kali minggu ini).
5. Our dean has punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita telah menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).

Note: Pada contoh di atas, kita tidak tahu kapan saya nonton Titanic, kapan dia jatuh cinta, kapan mereka gagal ujian, kapan mobil saya rusak, kapan dekan menghukum mahasiswa pembangkang itu. Yang menjadi penekanan adalah berapa kali kejadian/aktivitas tersebut telah terjadi/dilakukan dari dulu samapi NOW; apakah once (sekali), twice/two times (dua kali), trice/three times (tiga kali), ten times (sepuluh kali), dan seterusnya.

3. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas terus terjadi/dilakukan mulai dari waktu tertentu di masa lampau sampai sekarang (now).

Contoh:

1. I have lived in this house for nine years. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini selama  9 tahun). Artinya, sejak 9 tahun yang lalu sampai sekarang, saya telah tinggal di runah ini.
2. We have studied English since a month ago. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris sejak 1 bulan yang lalu). Artinya, sejak sebulan yang lalu hingga sekarang, kita telah belajar bahasa inggris.
3. He has married her for nineteen years. (Dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun).
4. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place since 1980. (Pak  Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama sejak tahun 1980).
5. She has waited for her boyfriend for an hour. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam).

Note: Semua kejadian/aktivitas pada kelima contoh di atas masih berlangsung sampai saat diungkapkan (now). Kejadian/aktivitas seperti ini juga dapat dinyatakan dengan present perfect continuous tense dengan tanpa merubah makna kalimat.

CONTOH ARTIKEL DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

CONTOH ARTIKEL

The Ox and the Frog

"Oh Father," said a little Frog to the big one sitting by the side of a pool, "I have seen such a terrible monster! It was big as a mountain, with horns on its head, and a long tail, and it had hoofs divided in two."

"Tush, child, tush," said the old Frog, "that was only Farmer White's Ox. It isn't so big either; he may be a little bit taller than I, but I could easily make myself quite as broad; just you see."

So he blew himself out, and blew himself out, and blew himself out.

"Was he as big as that?" asked he.

"Oh, much bigger than that," said the young Frog.

Again the old one blew himself out, and asked the young one if the Ox was as big as that.

"Bigger, Father, bigger," was the reply.

So the Frog took a deep breath, and blew and blew and blew, and swelled and swelled.
And then he said, "I'm sure the Ox is not as big as this."
But at that moment he burst.

contoh direct and indirect speech

CONTOH KALIMAT DIRECT SPEECH :

1.      1. “I can go to library every day,” She said

2.      2.“ I’m waiting for ann,” he said

3.      3. John (phoning from the station), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”

4.      4. Siska says,” The sun rises every morning.”

5.     5.  She yelled at me : 'Don't leave the door open!

6.     6.  'My mother says to my sister : 'Brush your teeth!

7.     7.  ''where are you going?'’ she asked

8.     8.  He said, “I went to school every day.”

9.      9. He said, “Go to school every day.”

10.  10. He said, “I am going to school every day.”

 CONTOH KALIMAT INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      1. She said (that) he could go to library every day.

2.     2  He said (that) he was waiting for ann.

3.     3.  John says that he is trying to get a taxi.

4.      4. Siska says that the sun rises every morning.

5.      5. Don’t leave me the door open

6.      6. My mother says to ny sister brush your trrth

7.      7.Where are you going

8.      8.He said (that) he was going to school every day

9.      9. He said to go to school every day.

10.  10. He said (that) he was going to school every day.

Pengertian Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech

Reported Speech

Reported speech, traditionally called indirect speech, but also referred to by linguists and grammarians as hypotactic locutions (1), refers to the use of a noun clause (2) to report a person’s words, thoughts, beliefs, etc .(3) To better understand reported speech, it is helpful to first look at direct speech, which can also be used to report a person’s words, thoughts, and beliefs. 

Direct Speech 

Direct speech is used mainly in writing to report a person’s words exactly. It is found in conversations in books, in plays, and in quotations, and is often used in situations where accuracy is important, such as in areas relating to law and public media. The following examples highlight the form of direct speech.

. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”		simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”		past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.”		past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”		perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”		would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”		present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”		simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”		infinitive He said to go to school every day.

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”		simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”		present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”		past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
		past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”		future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”		could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”		might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”		had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”		should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”		ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book. Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.