CONTOH ARTIKEL DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

CONTOH ARTIKEL

The Ox and the Frog

"Oh Father," said a little Frog to the big one sitting by the side of a pool, "I have seen such a terrible monster! It was big as a mountain, with horns on its head, and a long tail, and it had hoofs divided in two."

"Tush, child, tush," said the old Frog, "that was only Farmer White's Ox. It isn't so big either; he may be a little bit taller than I, but I could easily make myself quite as broad; just you see."

So he blew himself out, and blew himself out, and blew himself out.

"Was he as big as that?" asked he.

"Oh, much bigger than that," said the young Frog.

Again the old one blew himself out, and asked the young one if the Ox was as big as that.

"Bigger, Father, bigger," was the reply.

So the Frog took a deep breath, and blew and blew and blew, and swelled and swelled.
And then he said, "I'm sure the Ox is not as big as this."
But at that moment he burst.

contoh direct and indirect speech

CONTOH KALIMAT DIRECT SPEECH :

1.      1. “I can go to library every day,” She said

2.      2.“ I’m waiting for ann,” he said

3.      3. John (phoning from the station), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”

4.      4. Siska says,” The sun rises every morning.”

5.     5.  She yelled at me : 'Don't leave the door open!

6.     6.  'My mother says to my sister : 'Brush your teeth!

7.     7.  ''where are you going?'’ she asked

8.     8.  He said, “I went to school every day.”

9.      9. He said, “Go to school every day.”

10.  10. He said, “I am going to school every day.”

 CONTOH KALIMAT INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      1. She said (that) he could go to library every day.

2.     2  He said (that) he was waiting for ann.

3.     3.  John says that he is trying to get a taxi.

4.      4. Siska says that the sun rises every morning.

5.      5. Don’t leave me the door open

6.      6. My mother says to ny sister brush your trrth

7.      7.Where are you going

8.      8.He said (that) he was going to school every day

9.      9. He said to go to school every day.

10.  10. He said (that) he was going to school every day.

Pengertian Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech

Reported Speech

Reported speech, traditionally called indirect speech, but also referred to by linguists and grammarians as hypotactic locutions (1), refers to the use of a noun clause (2) to report a person’s words, thoughts, beliefs, etc .(3) To better understand reported speech, it is helpful to first look at direct speech, which can also be used to report a person’s words, thoughts, and beliefs. 

Direct Speech 

Direct speech is used mainly in writing to report a person’s words exactly. It is found in conversations in books, in plays, and in quotations, and is often used in situations where accuracy is important, such as in areas relating to law and public media. The following examples highlight the form of direct speech.

. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”		simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”		past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.”		past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”		perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”		would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”		present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”		simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”		infinitive He said to go to school every day.

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”		simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”		present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”		past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
		past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”		future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”		could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”		might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”		had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”		should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”		ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book. Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.

Tulisan (How Chocolate is Made)

How Chocolate is Made

Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of chocolate so we can understand exactly we are eating.

Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. In side the fruits are the tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans.

Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavour. So they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix.

The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter.

All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate.

artikel active and passive voice

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESPONSE (PART 1) Earthquake Aid Centers in West Sumatera & Jambi.

Wednesday (30/10), 17.16 PM, Earthquake shakes out Sumatera once again. This time, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake was centered at 57 kilometers Northwest of Pariaman and had caused hundreds of casualties, destroyed thousands of houses and created serious damages to public facilities including supermarket, hotel, religious house, and hospital.
In response to serious physical damages and a large number of death toll resulted from the earthquake, the civil community, driven by a collective initiative, has identified the need to established an agenda of volunteering activity. During its development, the Coalition of Agrarian Reform (KPA) had consolidate with KPA in four provinces; Jambi, North Sumatera, Bengkulu, and Riau. Greenpeace had also carried out relief effort to Riau area.
At the same time, WALHI had also consolidated with all regional executives in order to carry out a relief effort and to initiate the establishment of civil community’s aid centers in Jambi, Bengkulu, West Sumatera, North Sumatera, and Pekan Baru.
At the National level, WALHI has established a National’s emergency aid center as well as provided support to other aid centers in the regions conducting volunteering acts. Whereas other organizations have established initial contact with other networks at National, Regional, and International levels.
In order to put all these efforts together, hence a clear agenda that was collectively designed thru a collaborative forum is required. The forum has been successfully formulating a number of agreements that will also be a handout in conducting agendas/ providing relief to earthquake victims and affected areas in West Sumatera, Jambi. One of the results from this forum is the establishment of a collaborative aid center named Civil Community’s Disaster Management Aid Center.
The main tasks of this aid center among other are (1) to bring together volunteer to be send to West Sumatera and Jambi in order to help out those affected by the earthquake; (2) to pool logistic thru consolidation with organizations or individuals who are capable in distributing logistic (3) to collect data rapidly by involving regional aid center (4) to make decent documentation and dissemination of information for public information purposes (5) to raise donation to support aid center activity.

Tulisan (hortatory)

Let’s Make City Clean and Fresh

A clean and fresh city will surely make the inhabitants healthy. Every morning especially in dry season, all roads must be watered with clean water and swept by the workers of the regional government under the Major’s instruction.

To keep the people from heavy pollution caused by cars, trucks and motorcycles, enough trees must be planted along all roads. Every building or house in the city must be surrounded short and small trees which bear colorful flower.

Bad and improper habits which cause disadvantages, bad smell and dangerous diseases to people such as smoking and throwing rubbish anywhere should be stopped at once.
The major of each city will have to think over the way how to educate people, so that they realize on how important cleanliness and health are for their own sake. Building more public lavatories at every busy place is very badly needed.

It will be wise if the Major decides a certain amount of fine to be paid by those who disobey the government regulation on cleanliness matter. A man who urinate not at lavatory, smoke not at smoking room or throw rubbish at the roads should be fined for instance. Besides dirtying the environment with cigarettes’ butts, smoking will also cause pollution and lungs disease to other people.
So bad habits and impolite attitude should be immediately stopped, otherwise the city will be dirty, unhealthy badly polluted and will never attract foreign or domestic tourist.